- SCALA Istituto Fotografico Editoriale S.p.A., Firenze
- K&B, Firenze
- ACADEMIE d'ARCHITECTURE, Paris
⌐ 1995 E.M.M.E.-SCALA-ACTA
⌐ 1995 FOR THE PICTURES
⌐ SCALA Istituto Fotografico Editoriale S.p.A.
⌐ K&B, Firenze
⌐ ACADEMIE d'ARCHITECTURE, Paris
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Ñcredits.dir 204 WARNING:
Unless you have the express written permission, it is a violation of copyright law:
to use this product in any manner other than as an integrated presentation; to copy, photograph, transcribe, sample, print out or otherwise record in any manner the product, including the pictures, other graphic images, text or music contained in this product; to synchronize or otherwise combine this product, or any portion (no matter how small) of this product with any other materials of any kind.
ÑGloss.dir 210
ACANTHUS - Plant whose leaves form the typical carved ornament on Corinthian and Composite capitals. These carved leaves can be pointed (thorny acanthus), the type found on Greek capitals, or more rounded (soft acanthus), a typical Roman motif.
ACROPOLIS - Architectural complex built at the highest point of ancient cities. In the Greek civilization its chief function was as a center for worship.
ACROTERIUM - The name given to any element set at the apex and ends of a pediment and, by extension, a small decorative sculpture that resembles one.
ALABASTER - Very soft type of limestone or gypsum with a characteristic translucent appearance.
ÑGloss.dir 211 AMPHITHEATER - Theater building typical of the Romans, most often elliptical in shape but sometimes circular, with several stories on the outside, used for contests between gladiators, naumachiae or mock sea battles, and various public events. Inside, the central part was taken up by the arena, surrounded by the cavea with sloping tiers of seats for the spectators.
ANTHROPOMORPHIC - Resembling or related to the human being.
APSE - The terminal part of the nave of a building that is circular or polygonal shape and almost always covered by a semidome, known as the apsidal vault.
ARCHITRAVE - Horizontal architectural element linking the two uprights, whether columns or pillars, of an opening. In classical architecture, it is the lowest part of the entablature.
ÑGloss.dir 212 BAS-RELIEF - Sometimes known by its Italian name, bassorilievo, this is a sculptural technique in which figures stand out less than half of their real thickness from the ground.
BUCCHERO (or BOCCARO) - Etruscan ceramic vase of various shapes, with a shiny black finish perhaps achieved by a special process of smoking.
BUCRANE (or BUCRANIUM) - Sculptural decoration consisting of an ox head between two garlands.
ÑGloss.dir 213 CALIDARIUM - The large heated room in Roman thermae in which hot baths were taken. Usually roofed with a dome or vault (see also frigidarium and tepidarium).
CAPITAL - The upper part of a column, set between the latter and the wall above. There are four types of classical capital, belonging to the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite architectural orders. The first three types were developed by Greek architecture and then codified as fundamental types, while the Composite is typical of Roman architecture and combines Ionic and Corinthian elements. There is also the Tuscan capital, adopted from Etruscan architecture during the late Roman period.
CARDO - The main street of a Roman city, running from south to north, based on the ancient model of the Roman military encampment. The cardo is intersected at a right angle by the decumanus (cf.).
CAVEA - The hollow part of a theater or amphitheater, where the tiers of seating are located. Called koilon in Greek.
ÑGloss.dir 214 CELLA - The innermost part of a temple, with no windows, in which the effigy of the
deity was kept. Also called the naos.
CHITON - The typical sack-shaped Greek garment of wool or cloth, similar to the Roman tunic. It was tied at the hips with a belt. Men wore it short, whereas women and illustrious personages wore it long.
COLUMBARIUM - Roman cemetery where the cinerary urns of the dead were kept in small niches, resembling the holes in a colombaia or dovecote. It could be underground or in the open, and have one or more rooms and stories. It was generally used by a single family.
COLUMN - A vertical architectural member, on a circular base, that functions as a support. Its proportions and decorations vary with the period and style. The classical column is divided into three parts: base, shaft, and capital. The type of capital used determines whether columns are Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian. The shaft may be smooth or fluted and columns are described as architraved or archivolted depending on whether they support an architrave or arches. The cochleate column has a spiral staircase inside it, though the term can also be used for a column decorated on the outside with reliefs that climb upward in a spiral.
CUPOLA - A small dome, usually on a circular or polygonal base.
ÑGloss.dir 215 DOME - A vault of even curvature used to roof a building. It can have a circular, elliptical, polygonal, or semicircular plan, and a pointed, hemispherical, or bulb-shaped section. Inside it is linked with the plan of the building, often square, by sections of vault called pendentives. On the outside it often rests on a cylindrical or polygonal structure known as a tambour or drum. This can have openings in its perimeter, which are usually round and called oculi. On top of the dome may be set a small architectural structure known as a lantern, through which light enters.
DECUMANUS - The main street of a Roman city, running from east to west, that cuts it, together with the cardo, into four sectors.
ÑGloss.dir 216 FRIGIDARIUM - Located immediately after the tepidarium in Roman baths, it was a room containing a large pool of cold water.
FRESCO - Technique of wall painting in which the colored pigments are applied on fresh plaster. The lime of the plaster, combining with the carbon gases in the atmosphere, forms calcium carbonate, a firm, crystalline surface that retains the pigment. This makes the painting highly resistant and durable.
ÑGloss.dir 217 ENAMEL - Decorative coating for metals, made out of colored glass paste that, after firing, becomes shiny and hard.
ENTABLATURE - The set of decorative horizontal elements that link together columns or pillars. In classical architecture it is made up of cornice, frieze, and architrave.
ÑGloss.dir 218 GLAZE - Vitreous coating, of various colors and compositions, used to cover pottery.
GRIFFIN - Mythological animal with the body of a lion and head and wings of an eagle, found in the iconography of Ancient Egypt and the Near East, and in Greek art subject to Oriental influences.
ÑGloss.dir 219 HIGH RELIEF (or ALTO-RILIEVO) - Sculptural technique on a flat ground in which the figures project by more than half their thickness.
ÑGloss.dir 220 LOGGIA 0R OPEN GALLERY - A section of open building, sometimes with a balustrade, supported by columns or pillars. Sometimes a freestanding construction, used for meetings of various kinds: political, commercial, or strictly private.
ÑGloss.dir 221 MAUSOLEUM - A particularly majestic and solemn sepulchral monument. It takes its name from Mausolus, king of Halicarnassus, whose sumptuous tomb was considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
METOPE - A square or rectangular panel, either smooth or more often sculpted. Originally, the metope was that part of the wall above the peristyle that lay between the holes from which the ends of the beams protruded.
MOSAIC - Artistic technique used for the decoration of floors, walls, and ceilings through the application of small more or less regular pieces (tesserae) made of a variety of materials, including pebbles, semiprecious stones, fired clay, glass, enamel, and marble.
MOLDING - Shaped member at the end of stories, cornices, or other architectural elements.
ÑGloss.dir 222 NAUMACHIA or NAUMACHY - A Greek term used for entertainments staged in amphitheaters in antiquity, and later on during the Renaissance, that reproduced naval battles on a small scale.
NECROPOLIS - Literally, city of the dead. The term was used for the part of ancient cities used as a cemetery. It was often situated outside the built-up area.
NYMPHAEUM - Originally a small temple dedicated to the nymphs. Later the term came to be used for a building that usually had a circular, semicircular, or elliptical plan. In the most opulent cases, it was decorated with statues and paintings and had a gushing fountain in the middle. Nymphaea were usually attached to baths, in their gardens.
ÑGloss.dir 223 OPISTHODOMOS - The part of a Greek temple behind the cella that was used as a storehouse for sacred and precious objects.
ORCHESTRA - In the Greek theater, this was the circular area set between the proscenium and the tiers of seating, used by dancers and the chorus. In the Roman theater the space of the orchestra was partly occupied by the larger stage and, reduced to a hemicycle, became the sector reserved for high-ranking members of the audience.
ÑGloss.dir 224 PATRONYMIC - Name derived from that of a person's father or ancestor, by means of a suffix.
PEDIMENT - An ornamental frame, usually triangular, set at the top of a facade. It is generally formed by the two pitches of the roof and a cornice. The triangular space inside the pediment, often recessed, is known as the tympanum.
PERISTYLE - A set of columns, enclosed by a wall, located outside or inside a building. In the Roman house it was the arcaded inner court.
PILASTER STRIP - A half pillar embedded in a wall and projecting from it to form a decorative pattern of light and shade on the surface.
PILLAR - A vertical architectural member, usually on a rectangular base, though it can also be polygonal, cruciform, etc., used as a support for arches, vaults, and architraves. Sometimes it is made up, like the column, of a base, shaft, and capital.
ÑGloss.dir 225 PODIUM - Raised platform on which a building, especially a temple, stands.
POLIS - Greek word for city.
PRONAOS - In the classical temple, this was the space between the colonnade of the facade and the wall of the cella. Subsequently it became an independent structure bounded by columns and pillars, set either on the inside or the outside of a building's facade, especially in churches.
ÑGloss.dir 226 SANCTUM SANCTORUM - The holy of holies, or secret part of the temple in which the most precious reliquary of the deity was kept.
STUCCO - Composed of a variety of materials (marble dust, lime, plaster, glue, and yet others), it was used to cover cracks, fill holes, and the like. Thanks to its extreme pliability, it was also used to model ornamental figures, friezes, and moldings on walls, ceilings, and vaults.
SUPPORTING ARCH OR BARREL VAULT - This is the name given to the opening in a city gate, arch of triumph, aqueduct, bridge, or other monumental building. It always has an archivolt.
ÑGloss.dir 227 TABLINUM - The Latin name for the room in ancient houses where the family heirlooms were kept and which was also used to receive guests. It was entered from the atrium and illuminated from the peristyle. In Roman architecture, the tablinum was the room where meals were prepared and eaten.
TELAMON - A male figure used as a support, instead of a column or pillar. It is also called an atlas.
TEPIDARIUM - A moderately heated room, placed at the center of Roman baths, that provided a gradual transition between the calidarium and the frigidarium. It contained tubs and pools for warm baths.
TRAVERTINE - A whitish, pale yellow, or pink rock composed essentially of calcite or aragonite, it has a structure of concretionary bands, full of tiny holes. Used as a material for construction, paving, and facing, it is common in Tuscany, Lazio, Le Marche, and Umbria.
ÑGloss.dir 228 TRIGLYPH - Element of quadrangular shape, with three vertical grooves (glyphe is the Greek for carving), that alternates with metopes in a Doric frieze. It is supposed that the triglyph derived from the simple triple groove that was used to decorate the ends of beams protruding from the wall above the colonnade.
TUFA - Rock produced by cementation of the dust that falls after an explosive volcanic eruption, forming strata mixed with lava flows. Gray, yellowish, greenish, or brown in color, it has been used in the preparation of special cements and as a construction material ever since antiquity, thanks to the ease with which it can be worked.
ÑGloss.dir 229 UNGUENTARIUM - Jar of special shape used to hold unguents or ointments.
ÑGloss.dir 230 VAULT - Curved ceiling or roof of a room or part of it. Derived from the arch, it was already used in ancient Roman architecture. Of the different types, the simplest is the barrel or tunnel vault, semicylindrical in shape, that discharges the load uniformly on two parallel walls. The intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles produces a cross or groin vault, made up of four segments known as vaulting cells, bounded by bands in relief called ribs. In this case the load is shifted onto the ribs, which carry it in turn to the four supports of the vault itself.
ÑGloss.dir 231 Alexander the Great (Pella 356 BC - Babylon 323 BC)
The son of Philip II, he had Aristotle as a tutor. He succeeded his father in 336, stifling opposition and rebellion at home and abroad. In 335 he destroyed Thebes, the center of a revolt against Macedonian rule. He led a great expedition against the Persians and defeated Darius III in 334 BC. As a result he occupied Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, achieving complete control over that portion of the Mediterranean Sea. His expedition headed further east, conquering Mesopotamia (333 BC) and Iran and pushing as far as the basin of the Indus river, where it turned back. Alexander sought to bring order to the vast territory he had conquered by reconciling and fusing the Greek element with the Oriental one, in an attempt to create a universal monarchy. He died suddenly of fever while preparing a new expedition against Arabia.
ÑGloss.dir 232 Cecilia Metella (1st cent. BC)
Daughter of Metellus Creticus and daughter-in-law of Crassus, she owes her fame to the beautiful tomb built for her on the ancient Appian Way.
Chimera
A monster represented with the head of a lion, body of a goat, and tail of a serpent that spewed fire from her mouth. The daughter of Typhon and Echidna, she was killed by Bellerophon.
Clelia
A young Roman noblewoman who according to tradition was handed over to King Porsenna as a hostage. Together with nine companions in misfortune, she managed to escape by swimming across the Tiber and returning to Rome. Porsenna demanded her restitution but then, impressed by her heroism, let her free.
Cleisthenes (Athenian ca. 565 BC - ca. 492 BC)
An Athenian politician, driven into exile, he returned to Athens in 510 BC. He succeeded in bringing about the reform that bears his name, designed to broaden the base of the city's government, with a subdivision of the population on the basis of residence. Aristotle attributes to him the introduction of ostracism, the special form of expulsion of undesirable or dangerous people from the city for a period of five or ten years, decided by the assembly of citizens.
ÑGloss.dir 233 Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Halicarnassus 60 - 7 BC)
Greek writer and rhetorician, he came to live in Rome in 30 BC. An Atticist and admirer of Demosthenes and Lysias, he expounded his principles of rhetoric in various writings. Of his work, an Ancient History of Rome in twenty books, only the first eleven have survived.
ÑGloss.dir 234 Hannibal (Carthage ca. 274 BC - 183 BC)
The son of Hamilcar Barca, he took command of the Carthaginian army after the death of Hasdrubal (221 BC), continuing to implement his father's policy of expansion. Thus in 219 BC he conquered Saguntum, an ally of Rome, sparking off the Second Punic War. He crossed the Alps to invade Italy and raise the peoples of the peninsula against Rome. The mobility of his army and his strategic genius earned him a series of victories against the Roman legions, at the Ticinus and Trebia (218 BC), at Lake Trasimene (217 BC), and finally at Cannae (216 BC). But the Romans recovered, took back control of Spain, and defeated and killed Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal at the Metaurus (207 BC). As a result Hannibal was deprived of reinforcements and retreated to Campania. From there he sailed for Carthage to come to the aid of his fellow countrymen, under attack from P. Cornelius Scipio. Defeated at Zama (202 BC), he decided to flee to the East. Afraid of being handed over to the Romans, he poisoned himself in Bithynia in 183 BC.
Hasdrubal (Carthage 242 - 207 BC)
The son of Hamilcar Barca and brother of Hannibal, who entrusted him with the command of the army in Spain. He won several battles there but was eventually defeated by P. Cornelius Scipio at Baecula (208 BC). While attempting to join Hannibal in Italy, he was defeated and killed at the battle of the Metaurus river (207 BC).
ÑGloss.dir 235 Herodotus (Halicarnassus 484 BC - Thourioi ca. 426 BC)
A Greek historian, he was sent into exile for political reasons. As a result he traveled extensively, in Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, and Persia, gaining a great deal of first-hand experience of these cultures. He wrote his Histories, later divided into nine books, on the conflict between Greeks and Persians up until 478 BC, giving much space to the earlier history of the Persian empire and including a number of interesting geo-ethnographic digressions on Egypt, Scythia, and Libya. He is considered the father of all historians.
Hippodamos of Miletus (late 6th cent. - 5th cent. BC)
A Greek architect and city planner, he was active mainly after the Persian wars and was responsible for the construction of the Piraeus, the colony of Thourioi (445/444 BC), and, according to some, the city of Rhodes as well. Tradition has it that it was he who developed the gridiron plan typical of Greek and Roman cities, with a regular subdivision of the urban area by streets running in a north-south and east-west direction.
ÑGloss.dir 236 Homer (8th cent. BC)
He was the most famous epic poet of Greece, and is traditionally believed to be the author of the Iliad and Odyssey. In reality we have no reliable biographical information, and even his blindness may be legendary. The Iliad, in twenty-four books, recounts an episode from the tenth year of the Trojan War. The Odyssey, also divided into twenty-four books, tells of Ulysses' adventurous voyage from Troy to Ithaca.
Horatius Cocles
Legendary Roman hero who according to tradition had single-handedly prevented the Etruscan soldiers of Porsenna from crossing the Sublician bridge. According to Polybius he was killed, but Livy claims that he was saved and honored for his heroism.
ÑGloss.dir 237 Lucius Cornelius Sulla (Rome 138 BC - Cumae 78 BC)
From a family of patricians, he was elected consul in 89 BC and placed in command of the army in the war against King Mithridates of Pontus. Opposition from equestrians led to Marius being given the command of the rich eastern province instead of him. Sulla then marched with his army on Rome, had the law abolished, and forced Marius to flee. He sought to restore the power of the Senate and in 87 went to Greece to put down a revolt against the Romans. He conquered Athens in 86 and reestablished Roman rule over the country. Challenged again by Marius and his party, he managed to overcome all opposition, reorganized the provinces of Greece and Asia, and returned victorious to Rome in 82. His revenge on the supporters of Marius was terrible, with proscriptions and death sentences. Appointed dictator for an unlimited period (82 BC), he implemented a wide-ranging program of reform intended to revive the Republic politically and economically. In 79 BC he voluntarily gave up the dictatorship and retired to Cumae, where he wrote his memoirs and died the following year.
Lysippus (Sigeum ca. 370 BC - ca. 300 BC)
He chiefly made bronze statues of athletes and deities. He was Alexander the Great's official portraitist. Numerous statues have been attributed to him, including the Apoxymenos (bronze original from 320 BC), a naked athlete in the act of washing from his arm the oil used in contests. His aim was to represent movement in his works.
ÑGloss.dir 238 Mago (d. 203 BC)
The son of Hamilcar Barca and brother of Hannibal and Hasdrubal, he fought with Hannibal in Italy in the Second Punic War and then with Hasdrubal in Spain, where he won several victories. Defeated at Ilipa by Scipio the African (206 BC), he retreated to Gades (Cadiz) and then to the Balearic Islands. From there he sailed to Liguria in an attempt to raise the peoples of Cisalpine Gaul against Rome. Recalled to Africa, he died during the crossing.
Marcus Porcius Cato the Censor (Tusculum 234 BC - Rome 149 BC)
Roman politician, orator, and writer, he came from a plebeian family of farmers. He succeeded in being elected consul in 195 BC and censor in 184 BC. He was a strict exponent of Senatorial conservatism: among the stands that he took, he was famous for his support for the destruction of Carthage and his opposition to the diffusion of Greek philosophy in Rome. He wrote the first work of history in Latin, the Origines, a history of Rome from Aeneas to 151 BC. As an old man, he dedicated an encyclopedic work to his son, but all that has survived of it is the treatise De agri cultura, of great importance to our knowledge of Roman agriculture.
ÑGloss.dir 239 Marcus Terentius Varro (Reate 116 BC - Rome 27 BC)
From a plebeian family, he was linked to Pompey but, after his defeat, established ties with Caesar, who made him superintendent of the public libraries. He wrote seventy-four works in 620 books, most of them lost, including studies of antiquities, didactic works (such as the three books on agriculture entitled De re rustica), histories of literature and linguistics, and literary works on philosophical, moral, and political subjects. Taken as a whole, Varro's work represents one of the most remarkable attempts at systematization ever attempted in Latin culture and was a source of inspiration for poets and men-of-letters for a long time afterward.
Mutius Scevola
A Roman hero who, according to tradition, entered the Etruscan camp with the intention of killing Porsenna, but struck the king's scribe by mistake. Captured and brought before Porsenna, he placed the hand with which he had made the error on a burning brazier without uttering a sound. Impressed, Porsenna freed him and offered to make peace with the Romans.
Myron (Eleutheris 5th cent. BC)
A Greek sculptor, he was one of the first to go beyond the static representation of the severe period and to capture movement and articulation in space. Author of the celebrated Discobolus of which numerous replicas exist, he showed great skill in portraying the movement of the athlete at the moment just prior to the throwing of the disc.
ÑGloss.dir 240 Pericles (Athens ca. 495 BC - 429 BC)
The son of Xanthippus, he was the chief representative of the faction that tried to strengthen the power of the mercantile middle class against that of the noble oligarchy. It was Pericles who gave Athens its leading role in the Greek world through the struggle against the Persians. Once he had succeeded in having Thucydides sent into exile, he became the main spokesman of the democratic party in Athens, and was responsible for important political reforms aimed at strengthening democracy. Pericles also sought to extend Athens's sphere of influence through alliances and the establishment of numerous colonies. Elected commander of the army every year from 443 BC onward, he was able to reconcile his political action with the extraordinary moment of democratic awareness that he himself had brought about in the city. He promoted an intense program of construction (the acropolis of Athens, the temple at Cape Sounion, the fortification of the Piraeus) and cultural activity and was a friend of Protagoras and Anaxagoras. He died during an epidemic in 429 BC.
ÑGloss.dir 241 Phidias (Athens ca. 490 BC - ca. 431 BC)
Architect, painter, and sculptor, he worked mainly in Athens and Olympia. He carved many statues that are known to us through subsequent replicas and descriptions in literary sources. Highly skilled in the volumetric representation of nudes and in the soft and animated treatment of drapery, he was able to impart life and movement to his sculptures, summing up the achievements of earlier sculptors in a new plastic language. The sculptural decoration of the Parthenon was due to his personal intervention. He exercised a very powerful influence on later sculpture, right up to the late classical age.
Polybius (Megalopolis 202 BC - ca. 118 BC)
A Greek historian, he was taken to Rome as a hostage in 168 BC. There he formed a friendship with Scipio Aemilianus, following him to Africa and witnessing the destruction of Carthage. He wrote the Histories (forty books) between 164 and 146 BC, of which only the first five books and extracts of the others have come down to us.
Polyclitus the Elder (Argos, active 460-420 BC)
An Argive sculptor, born around 480 BC, he carved statues with perfect proportions and harmonious and balanced forms, following a precise theoretical system that he had developed himself. His most famous works include the Spearman and the Diadumenos, statues known to us through numerous copies.
ÑGloss.dir 242 Praxiteles (Athens, active 360-320 BC)
An Attic sculptor, to whom over forty works have been attributed. He carved statues of adolescents in graceful poses, with a joyous or occasionally sad expression. Among the deities, he was particularly fond of representing Aphrodite. He exercised a great influence on the artists of the Hellenistic period. Among his most famous works are the Aphrodite of Cnidus and Hermes with the Child Dionysus of Olympia, the only one of his original sculptures to have survived.
Publius Cornelius Scipio the African (Rome 236 BC - Liternum 183 BC)
He commenced his brilliant military career in Spain during the Second Punic War, by defeating Hasdrubal at Baecula (208 BC) and Mago at Ilipa (206 BC) and driving the Carthaginians out of the territory. Made a consul in 205, he argued that it was necessary to take the war to Africa. He landed there with an army of volunteers in 205, winning the decisive battle of Zama (202 BC). He gained enormous prestige and was again elected consul. He fought alongside his brother in the war against Antiochus III of Syria, where they won a crushing victory at the battle of Magnesia (190 BC). Surrounded by envy, he was caught up in various actions brought against his brother and, accused of treachery, retired to Liternum, where he died shortly afterward.
ÑGloss.dir 243 Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus (Rome 185 - 129 BC)
Adopted by the son of Scipio the African and made a consul in 147 even though he had not yet reached the prescribed age, he was sent to Carthage to bring the siege of the city to an end. A censor in 142 BC, he was made consul again in 134 and concluded the war in Spain by overcoming the resistance of Numantia (133 BC). He was the chief exponent of enlightened conservatism.
ÑGloss.dir 244 Skopas (Paros - ca. 420 BC - 330 BC)
A Greek artist born on Paros around 420 BC, he produced many works, most of them statues of gods for temples. He participated in the decoration of the mausoleum in Halicarnassus and the Artemision (Temple of Diana) at Ephesus. He was able to endow his creations with feeling and expression. The Dancing Maenad in Dresden and the Meleager in Villa Medici are among his most important works. He exercised a powerful influence on Hellenistic artists.
Solon (Athens ca. 640 BC - ca. 560 BC)
From a noble family, he was made archon in 594 BC. He introduced a variety of political, social, and economic reforms into Athenian life. However the reform for which he is most famous, that of the subdivision of the population on the basis of wealth rather than birth, was probably carried out later. He was also a poet, but very little of his work has survived.
Ñhelp.dir 201 Control Panel: allows you to control the screening of films in the ways given in the list below.
Ñhelp.dir 202 This CD-ROM is easy to use. Access to the desired section is gained by clicking with the cursor, which takes the form of a ship in the ╟Voyage through the Mediterranean.╚ When the cursor passes over an ╟active╚ zone the ship's sail is raised, indicating that it is possible to gain access to that section or to a text offering further information, or alternatively to zoom in on that image.
HELP
Icons
╟Wind Rose╚ icon:
this icon appears at the beginning of the ╟Voyage╚ and is used to call up the general map.
╟Ship╚ icon:
this icon, present in each section of the disc, makes it possible to change the destination of your voyage, and provides access to the general map.
Ñhelp.dir 203 ╟Places╚ icon:
the Places icon, a schematic representation of a map, appears within each section and allows you to visit a selection of cities considered representative of the civilization in question.
╟History╚ icon:
the History icon provides access to the chronological tables of each civilization.
╟She-Wolf╚ icon:
provides access to the Roman civilization and is present within that section, where it is located in the upper part of the screen. Within the section on the Romans a click on the ╟She-Wolf╚ will take you back to the general menu for that people.
╟Chimera╚ icon:
provides access to the Etruscan civilization and is present within that section, where it is located in the upper part of the screen. Within the section on the Etruscans a click on the ╟Chimera╚ will take you back to the general menu for that people.
Ñhelp.dir 204 ╟Phoenician Head╚ icon:
provides access to the Phoenician and Carthaginian civilization and is present within that section, where it is located in the upper part of the screen. Within the section on the Phoenicians a click on the ╟Phoenician Head╚ will take you back to the general menu for that people.
╟Ionic Capital╚ icon:
provides access to the Greek civilization and is present within that section, where it is located in the upper part of the screen. Within the section on the Greeks a click on the ╟Ionic Capital╚ will take you back to the general menu for that people.
╟Nefertiti╚ icon:
provides access to the brief tour of Egypt.
Open book:
provides access to the glossary.
Ñhelp.dir 205 1
Ñ6
Ñhelp.dir 206
Large arrow pointing up: allows you to go back to the previous screen page of the program.
Large arrow pointing left or right: allows you to navigate within sections.
Small arrow pointing left or right: allows you to skim through the images in either the preview mode or the full-screen one.
Small arrow pointing up or down: allows you to skim through the text.
Ñhelp.dir 207
Help:The icon appears at the start of the voyage. Help can be activated from any section of the disc by pressing "?" on the keyboard.
Exit:Permits you to exit from the application; the icon is located on the ╟start of voyage╚ screen page.
Movie:Permits you to exit from the application; the icon is located on the ╟start of voyage╚ screen page.
Ñhelp.dir 208 1 - return to beginning
2 - fast reverse
3 - frame by frame
4 - reverse
5 - stop
6 - play
7 - frame by frame
8 - fast forward
9 - exit
Ñhelp.dir 209 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ñhelp.dir 210 Characteristics of the text:
The text can be activated in such a way as to perform different functions. The words predisposed for special functions are marked by a frame, whose color indicates the function available:
Red frame: shows the logical connections with other sections of the disc.
Green frame: refers to the glossary of personages.
Blue frame: refers to the glossary of technical terms.
